Child Abuse Research Paper Essay

Child abuse happens to children everyday as sad as it may sounds, and many children do not get to live a happy healthy life. â€Å"Child abuse happens when a parent or other adult causes serious physical or emotional harm to a child. The most serious cause of child abuse can end in the child’s death. Children who may survive may suffer emotional scars that linger long after the physical bruises have healed. Children who are abused are more likely to have problems building and maintaining relationships throughout their lives† (Izenberg). â€Å"They are also more likely to have low self-esteem, depression, thoughts of suicide, and other mental health issues† (Lyness). The three most common types of child abuse are physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect of the child. First, when people think of child abuse, their first thought probably is of child abuse, such as, striking, kicking, or shaking a child. Physical abuse can also include, Abusive head trauma, or shaken baby syndrome, is a specific form of physical abuse. This is the leading cause of death in a child abuse case in the United States. Even though, most incidents last just a few seconds, that’s enough time to cause brain damage or even kill a baby (Jong). Physical abuse is the most visible form of child maltreatment. Many times, physical abuse results from inappropriate or excessive physical discipline. Furthermore, a parent or care giver in anger may be unaware of the magnitude of force with which he or she strikes the child. Other factors that can contribute to child abuse include parents’ immaturity, lack of parenting skills, poor childhood experiences and social isolation, as well as frequent crisis situations, drug or alcohol problem ad domestic violence (Children, Yout h, and Families). A second type of abuse is neglect. Neglect is any, or inaction on the part on a caregiver that causes a child physical or emotional harm. For example, withholding food, warmth in cold weather, or proper housing is considered neglectful. Basically, anything that interferes with a child’s growth and development constitutes neglect (Korfmacher). This also includes  abandonment. This occurs when a child is left alone for extended periods of time or suffers serious harm because no one was looking out for him or her. Another example of this are failing to provide medical care when a child is injured or sick, locking a child in a closet or room, placing a child in dangerous situations that could be lead to physical injury or death (Sanders). A third time of child abuse is emotional abuse. Emotional abuse is maltreatment which results in impaired psychological growth and development. It involves words, actions, and indifferences (Jantz). Abusers constantly reject, ignore, belittle, dominate, and criticize the victims. This form of abuse may occur with or without physical abuse, but there is often an overlap (Garbarino). For example, emotional abuse is verbal abuse; excessive demands on a child’s performance; penalizing a child for positive, normal behavior, such as smiling, mobility, exploration, vocalization, manipulation of objects; discouraging caregiver and infant attachment; penalizing a child for demonstrating signs of positive self-esteem; and penalizing a child for using interpersonal skills needed for adequate performance in school and peer groups. Any type of child abuse is something a child so not have to go through. The effects of the emotional abuse alone are horrible. The consequences of emotional abuse can be serious and long-term (Rich). Many research studies conclude that psychopathologic symptoms are more likely to develop in emotionally abused children. These children may experience a lifelong pattern of depression, estrangement, anxiety, low self-esteem, inappropriate or even troubled relationships, or a lack of empathy. As for neglect, there are different types such as, physical neglect which is the failure to provide adequate food, shelter, and clothing appropriate to the climatic and environment conditions. Another example is the failure to provide, whether intentional or otherwise, supervision or a reliable person to provide child care (Brittain). Peer Journals: Amy Hahn (www.americanhumane.org) â€Å"In this issue of Protecting Children, child welfare researchers and practitioners from across the Nation shares the lessons they learned from the National Quality Improvement Center on Non-Resident Fathers and the Child Welfare System (QIC NRF). The QIC NRF is a 5-year (2007-2011), federally funded project to promote knowledge development around engaging non-resident fathers of children involved in the child welfare system, and the impact of that engagement on child safety, permanency, and well-being outcomes. Through a previously commissioned report entitled What About the Dads? and through the Child and Family Services Reviews, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services found evidence that very little meaningful engagement occurs between child welfare system professionals and fathers of children involved in that system. The QIC NRF selected four sites to implement a model intervention known as Bringing Back the Dads, a peer-led, 20-week course for fathers. An evaluatio n was conducted to assess model fidelity, examine the barriers and strategies to overcome barriers surrounding the intervention, and measure outputs and outcomes related to non-resident fathers in the child welfare system.† â€Å"I came to understand the importance of fatherhood through its absence—both in my life and in the lives of others. I came to understand that the hole a man leaves when he abandons his responsibility to his children is one that no government can fill.† President Barack Obama â€Å"Diversity is not about how many heads you count; it’s about how much those heads count.† Dr. Johnnetta Cole

Alcoholics Anonymous †Essay Essay

Alcoholics Anonymous came to be in Akron Ohio in 1935 It was formed by Bill Wilson and Dr. Bob out of a desperation to stay sober and not quite knowing how to do so. Bill W. had the idea that maybe one drunk trying to help another stay sober might be the key. Originally Bill W. tried to get sober by attending a religious group, the Oxford Group, and his evolved into AA as we know it today. Bill W. had managed to put together six months of sobriety when he was out of town and was in a situation where he felt like he needed to drink. Instead of taking that first drink he reached out, trying to stay sober. He thought maybe if he helped another drunk, he would feel better and he did. This premise is still keeping drunks sober today. In the early days Dr Bob abd Bill W. would make their rounds to the hospitals trying to help others get sober. The original Big Book or book of AA was based on the fact that one-hundred people had managed to get sober at the time that book was written. Today there are thousands upon thousands of people who are recovering, not only from alcohol but many different kinds of addictions. One of the things that remains true are the original twelve steps of recovery. It is the telling of how the original pioneers got sob er and stayed sober. After all these years the program remains strong and is the spring-board for self-help groups. The twelve steps are the program of recovery and it is essential that people who want to recover and keep their disease in remission they should work the steps to the best of their ability. Many people don’t get past step 1; people falter on the steps based on what they believe at that particular moment. Many people can’t or won’t believe in something other than themselves, so step three is out-turning their lives over. Step four is a huge stumbling block, and then having to talk to someone else about what they did wrong is huge. My point is, is that is not easy. Recovery is not easy, the drinking and using part was the easier softer way. For people that would like a better life and would like to learn to live life sober, they must practice the principles of AA, it really is life and death. Many people die every day from this disease. It is my opinion that society has a responsibility to educate our children in that this is a horrific disease and anyone can become afflicted. The stigma associated with this must be eradicated in favor of a medical view that treats it as what it is; a  bio-psycho-social disease.

Case Study of Ms Foley-Free-Samples for Students-

This assignment is about a patient named Ms. Martha Foley, a 35 year old lady who is suffering from acute pulmonary oedema and was admitted in the hospital prior to 5 days because of post multi-trauma caused by a car accident. She is also suffering from multiple fractures in both legs and smoke inhalation as being trapped in car for 15 minutes. This paper has been divided into two parts. Part 1 contains the description of Ms. Foley and her history along with the treatment in the hospital and the analysis of the Observation Chart and Fluid Balance Chart. It also contains a brief description of acute pulmonary oedema, its pathophysiology and the implications of nursing assessment of this situation. Part 2 contains the inter-professional model of care required for Ms Foley while in hospital. Ms. Foley is a full time worker at a supermarket and is a victim of domestic violence from her former partner. She had a good relationship and support from her friends and co-workers. The day of the accident she and her friend Ms. Annie Jones were travelling in the same car. Ms. Jones was also admitted in the same hospital. Ms. Foley was a smoker of 10 cigarettes per day and also intake drugs such as methamphetamines IV and cocaine. But don’t drink alcohol and is a vegetarian. She had suffered from left sided heart failure in the past and is treated by cardiomyopathy. Fluid balance chart describes that Ms. Foley is given compound Sodium acetate was given intravenously from 01:00 am to 08:00 am at 200mls per hour and only 100mls is drained out through urine. It has been shown in appendix 1. Observation chart describes about the general physical conditions of Ms. Foley during the time of her admission in the hospital. The following things were measured: Acute pulmonary oedema is a type of disease in which the alveoli gets filled up with fluid and the person is unable to breathe. As the fluid gets accumulated creates misbalance in exchange of gases and leads to dyspnoea and hypoxia. Acute pulmonary oedema (APO) is caused by two main mechanisms. The first mechanism is elevations in pulmonary pressures due to severe increase in intra-cardiac pressure of chambers and second is severe lung injury causing increase in pulmonary vascular permeability (Liesching et al. 2014). Pulmonary oedema caused due to lung injury is termed as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) while pulmonary oedema which is due to acute elevations in pulmonary micro vascular pressures is termed acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (Lavin et al. 2015). The pathophysiology of these two types of oedema is almost different due to which their treatments are also different. This document relates specifically to acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema (Zeiss 2016). Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema is caused by an intense ischemic occasion bringing about cardiovascular brokenness. Intense diastolic disappointment may likewise be caused from hypertension and atherosclerosis. Less generally the intense sight might be optional to other essential occasions, for example, intense valvular issue or arrhythmia (Elias et al. 2015). The acute cardiac dysfunction that happens from a background marked by myocardial ischemia brings about expanded cardiovascular end diastolic weights which thus result in hoisted pneumonic micro vascular weights and the improvement of intense cardiogenic aspiratory oedema (Vlaar and Juffermans 2013). There is a decrease in cardiovascular yield with ensuing solid enactment of the thoughtful sensory system and the renin-angiotensin framework. This outcomes in lifted blood weights and expanded delayed consequences on the heart starting a gooey cycle of expanded myocardial oxygen request and further lessening in cardiovascular yield (Luks et al. 2014). In the problems of heart failure there are homeostatic systems that prompt liquid maintenance and pneumonic blockage. In APO there might be starting of liquid fill up, however the essential pathophysiology won't be reliant on the benchmark liquid status. It is significant that s number of these patients is hemoconcentrated on introduction because of the gathering of up to 2 litres of liquid in their lungs (Spoletini et al. 2015). They may then show up hemodiluted 24 hours after the fact when they are in the recuperation stage. As it were they give off an impression of being enduring a more prominent plasma volume as of now, which is suggestive that the issue is not fundamentally a liquid over-burden issue. By and large of APO the issue is less liquid abundance; rather it is an instance of liquid in the wrong "compartment", (intra-alveolar, as opposed to intra-vascular) (Duffy et al. 2015). The nursing care plan depends upon the appearance of the patient’s respiratory status. To perform the assessment of nursing care for acute pulmonary oedema the nurse must observe the individual’s responses (Akoumianaki et al. 2014). The following are the therapeutic nursing interventions for  acute pulmonary oedema: The initial management of patients with cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE) should address the ABCs of resuscitation, that is, airway, breathing, and circulation. Oxygen should be administered to all patients to keep oxygen saturation at greater than 90%. Any associated arrhythmia or MI should be treated appropriately (Lumb 2016). Methods of oxygen delivery incorporate the utilization of a face covering, non-intrusive pressure support ventilation (which incorporates bi-level positive aviation route weight [BiPAP] and consistent positive airway pressure [CPAP]), and intubation and mechanical ventilation (Stocker et al. 2014). The method that will be utilized relies upon the proximity of hypoxemia and acidosis and on the patient's level of cognizance. For instance, intubation and mechanical ventilation may end up noticeably important in instances of tireless hypoxemia, acidosis, or changed mental status. The utilization of non-intrusive weight bolster ventilation in acidotic patients with serious intense cardiogenic aspiratory oedema does not give off an impression of being related with unfavourable results (early mortality and intubation rates) in these patients (Adam, Osborne and Welch 2017). Initial dose: Frusamide is given intravenously and the dosage is 20-40 mg (slowly for 1 to 2 minutes) or may increase the dosage by 20 mg later by 2 hours after the previous dose until the desired diuretic effect has been obtained. Use: Treatment of oedema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver, and renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome, especially when an agent with greater diuretic potential is desired (Soni et al. 2017). Initial dose: 20 to 80 mg orally once; may repeat with the same dose or increase by 20 or 40 mg no sooner than 6 to 8 hours after the previous dose until the desired diuretic effect has been obtained. Maintenance dose: Administer the dose that provided the desired diuretic effect once or twice a day. Maximum dose: 600 mg/day in patients with clinically severe oedematous states. -Oedema may be most efficiently and safely mobilized by giving this drug on 2 to 4 consecutive days each week. -When doses greater than 80 mg/day are given for prolonged periods of time, careful clinical observation and laboratory monitoring are particularly advisable. Use: Treatment of oedema associated with congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver and renal disease, including the nephrotic syndrome, especially when an agent with greater diuretic potential is desired. The Inter-Professional Model of Patient Care (IPMPC ©) was introduced in 2006 when inter-professional collaboration started as a priority of policy agenda in Canada. This model causes the experts to enhance better care the patients and their families which likewise can manage the extra issues of human medicinal services. The models speak to a pedantic program, a group based affair and a between proficient recreation encounter. The instructional program stresses between proficient group building abilities, information of callings, tolerant focused care, benefit taking in, the effect of culture on medicinal services conveyance and a between proficient clinical segment (Maggiore et al. 2014). Nurses were ready for Ms Foley to attend her while she was lying flat on her bed, trying to sit up, and gasping for air. She is worried, stating she is ‘scared’, and that she has a weird feeling that she can only describe as ‘a sense of impending doom’. Vital signs taken and are the following: Pulse 120bpm and regular, BP 100/50, RR 34, SaO2 92% on RA. Her lips have started to turn blue and the nail beds on her fingers are cyanotic. She remains dyspnoeic and desperate for air. She is coughing. The integral part of inter-professional care of nursing is quality improvement. ACHS is a handbook which gives information of management of risks and improvement of quality to assist organisations and to manage the risks at the organisational levels and to ensure that quality of care and services are integrated (Powell et al. 2016). PE teams have found their place in health care. Teams do not replace the physician-patient relationship, but rather enhance it—creating a more comprehensive, efficient, and tailored health care experience (Short et al. 2014). The care convention was created by the IP group amid a CPE workshop and encouraged group gatherings. It was utilized as the guide by medical caretakers or doctors associates who gave mind at the visits. Components of the IP mind convention included visual signs, for example, publications on the exam room dividers that represent the body frameworks affected by diabetes, and an envelope with data, worksheets and apparatuses created by the IP group on parts of connecting with relatives for help, eating regimen, exercise and medical administration. Thus through the above discussion it can be concluded that Ms. Martha Foley had an accident and detected by acute pulmonary oedema which is a type of disease in which the lungs is filled up with fluid. At first in this task there had been included clinical assessment tools; pathophysiology and its applications; nursing care plan; nursing interventions; pharmacological uses of frusamide; inter-professional model of care, its risk management and its implications Adam, S., Osborne, S. and Welch, J. eds., 2017. Critical care nursing: science and practice. Oxford University Press. Akoumianaki, E., Maggiore, S.M., Valenza, F., Bellani, G., Jubran, A., Loring, S.H., Pelosi, P., Talmor, D., Grasso, S., Chiumello, D. and Guà ©rin, C., 2014. The application of esophageal pressure measurement in patients with respiratory failure. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 189(5), pp.520-531. Duffy, M., Jain, S., Harrell, N., Kothari, N. and Reddi, A.S., 2015. Albumin and furosemide combination for management of edema in nephrotic syndrome: a review of clinical studies. Cells, 4(4), pp.622-630. Elias, B., Barginere, M., Berry, P.A. and Selleck, C.S., 2015. Implementation of an electronic health records system within an interprofessional model of care. Journal of interprofessional care, 29(6), pp.551-554. Lavin, M., Harper, E. and Barr, N., 2015. Health information technology, patient safety, and professional nursing care documentation in acute care settings. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 20(2). Liesching, T., Nelson, D.L., Cormier, K.L., Sucov, A., Short, K., Warburton, R. and Hill, N.S., 2014. Randomized trial of bilevel versus continuous positive airway pressure for acute pulmonary edema. The Journal of emergency medicine, 46(1), pp.130-140. Luks, A.M., McIntosh, S.E., Grissom, C.K., Auerbach, P.S., Rodway, G.W., Schoene, R.B., Zafren, K. and Hackett, P.H., 2014. Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of acute altitude illness: 2014 update. Wilderness & environmental medicine, 25(4), pp.S4-S14. Lumb, A.B., 2016. Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology eBook. Elsevier Health Sciences. Maggiore, S.M., Idone, F.A., Vaschetto, R., Festa, R., Cataldo, A., Antonicelli, F., Montini, L., De Gaetano, A., Navalesi, P. and Antonelli, M., 2014. Nasal high-flow versus Venturi mask oxygen therapy after extubation. Effects on oxygenation, comfort, and clinical outcome. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 190(3), pp.282-288. Powell, J., Graham, D., O’Reilly, S. and Punton, G., 2016. Acute pulmonary oedema. Nursing Standard, 30(23), pp.51-60. Short, K.R., Kroeze, E.J.V., Fouchier, R.A. and Kuiken, T., 2014. Pathogenesis of influenza-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Lancet infectious diseases, 14(1), pp.57-69. Soni, L., Ansari, M., Thakre, N., Singh, A., Bhowmick, M. and Rathi, J., 2017. Development and in-vitro evaluation of Furosemide Solid Dispersion using different Water Soluble Carriers. International Journal, 6(2), pp.2571-2575. Spoletini, G., Alotaibi, M., Blasi, F. and Hill, N.S., 2015. Heated humidified high-flow nasal oxygen in adults: mechanisms of action and clinical implications. CHEST Journal, 148(1), pp.253-261. Stocker, R., Lenzlinger, P.M. and Stover, J.F., 2014. Contemporary intensive care treatment for patients with severe multiple trauma. In General Trauma Care and Related Aspects (pp. 95-109). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Vlaar, A.P. and Juffermans, N.P., 2013. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: a clinical review. The Lancet, 382(9896), pp.984-994. Zeiss, A.M., 2016. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an Integral Component of Interprofessional Care. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23(4), pp.441-445

Analysis of Credit Card Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analysis of Credit Card Debt - Essay Example How much of the minimum payment goes towards interest? How much of the minimum payment goes towards the principal? If you do not want to share an actual balance or do not have a credit card, calculate these amounts using an imaginary credit card balance. Now, examine the terms of one of your credit cards or other revolving debt. Are there other charges that the credit card company is applying to your account? Are you receiving a special rate for a limited time? Does your card charge an annual service charge or an inactivity fee? Examine a credit card bill (or other revolving debt) and see how long it will take to pay off your debt if you paid only the minimum payments (you can also use an online calculator like the one at http://www.bankrate.com/calculators/managing-debt/minimum-payment-calculator.aspx What steps could you take to pay off this credit card (or debt) sooner? Determine the percentage of the principal that you need to pay down in order to pay off the credit card in the time frame of your choosing. Many Americans find themselves amassing large amounts of credit card (or other revolving) debt at an early age. What advice concerning the use of credit cards and the fees they charge would you provide to a young adult planning on getting a credit card? One needs to understand the fundamentals of the above calculation method. The credit card debt is revolving debt. Minimum monthly payment will not reduce it to zero. It means that one will be paying interest on interest. An example: $29.50. In month 2 interests were calculated on this amount. Interest will be calculated on the same amount in month 3. This is called revolving debt. It happens when the debt is not paid in full. Credit card debt is revolving

Critical Thinking Case Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critical Thinking Case Assessment - Essay Example He further assumes that they do not understand the products being marketed. And, finally, he is convinced they are not concerned with quality control, which he considers one of the most important areas in a customer-dominated economy. His argument is that the marketing plan is unrealistic. He considers the development of one part of a prototype to be a reasonable goal and offers to present this for testing within the necessary time frame and budget. When Pat argues that more than one part is necessary, Kelly refuses, saying that only one part can be made available. Kelly is definitely acting emotionally at this point and has allowed his personal vendetta with Pat to determine his actions. His arguments are based on his feelings against Pat. 2) Pat Lambert – Pat assumes that the conflict between Programming and Marketing is Kellys fault entirely. Because of this belief, he makes the assumption that the problem will be solved by bringing in an outside software design firm. He further assumes that he knows best what customers want and can decide what they will accept. He also assumes he knows best how to reach company goals. In addition, his suggestions do not consider staff, assuming they will accept whatever changes are expected. He further assumes the databases developed can be a future source of income with additional sales of data. He finally assumes that Kelly will eventually accept his demands. Pat argues that his vision of a future product is the answer to all company ills. He dismisses any argument against his plan. He further considers himself able to manipulate staff and customers in order to bring a new product into the retail market. He further argues that Kelly is hampering the marketing plan by refus ing to cooperate and meet Pats demands. Pat would consider his argument logical, but it is definitely more emotional, colored by his animosity toward Kelly. He is at

Small Animal Husbandry Videos Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Small Animal Husbandry Videos - Movie Review Example This should be repeated to the moment the pet eats the food from the pill popper. The important thing about this step is patience in getting one’s get used to the procedure. The next step in this sequence is staying near the pet while it is eating its food from the pill popper, and holding the popper in the process. Later, one should hand-feed the pet from the popper so that the pet is used to it. With this step successful, one can place a pill mixed with the food on the outside of the pill popper and feed the pet. In the next step, the pet is already excited to eat the pill.  This piece is Dr. Andy Roark’s guide to pet owners addressing the issue of fleas on cats and dogs. Dr. Roark in a humorous way explains how to get rid of fleas on pets without using the flea shampoo. Significantly, the narrator states that fleas are not only a pet problem but also a housing problem because fleas had already laid eggs in the house by the time the owner noticed them on the pet. Sr . Roark suggests that a pet should be on the flea preventatives for a year. If not, it should be at least three months. Otherwise, the owner will be trapped in a vicious cycle. Another solution is flea medicine, but it applies only to adult cats and dogs. Moreover, there is a need to get advice from a vet before buying flea medicine, as there is a lot of worthless cheap medicine for pets. A good solution for puppies and kittens appears to be dish detergent. For cats, removing fleas works with a comb with a mixture of detergent and water. For dogs, it would be a simple bath with detergent in water. An important thing to remember is treating all pets in the house, as the fleas would likely move to another pet if it is not treated as well. Finally, treating the whole house is also an essential point in removing fleas because fleas may be in the house, but now on the pet yet.

Is the US still a global hegemonic power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Is the US still a global hegemonic power - Essay Example The break-up of the Soviet regime in the late twentieth century, however, changed all that, leaving the United States in a uniquely powerful position in the world. This situation has been labelled a â€Å"global hegemony† based on the Greek word hegemon meaning leader. A hegemony demonstrates supremacy and leadership, but it also implies that there are others who more or less willingly follow this leadership and sustain the hegemony with their support. In modern times the phrase â€Å"global hegemony† the phrase has been defined with an emphasis on economics as a situation which â€Å"requires a preponderance of material resources, in terms of raw materials, sources of capital, market dominance and advantages in the production of highly valued goods.† (Kehoane, 1984, p. ) The supremacy of the United states in technology and its ability to influence international organizations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund , which support capitalist fr ee market economy ideals, has helped to ensure that America maintained a hegemonic position in the mid twentieth century. Other analysts view the situation of the United States in terms of a â€Å"theory of hegemonic stability† which maintains that â€Å"the presence of a single, strongly dominant actor in international politics leads to collectively desirable outcomes for all states in the international system.† (Snidal, 1985, 579) Snidal argues that the dominance can be exercised in both coercive leadership and benevolent leadership and of course the leader can determine at any point which type to apply. There are two ways in which such a hegemonic power can decline: â€Å"the absolute decline of the dominant actor (e.g. Spain beginning in the late 16th century) or from positive but differential growth rates through which secondary powers ‘catch up’ with a former leader (e.g. the ‘decline with growth of the United States after 1960).† (Snida l, 1985, 585) It seems that in the new millennium a number of other players have finally begun to â€Å"catch up† with the United States, notably the European Union which increasingly acts in a unified strategy on international issues, and China, which is emerging as a new world economic power which has the potential to dwarf even the United States. American hegemony is now being questioned both in terms of its current ability to provide benefits for other countries lower down in the hierarchy, and in terms of its ability to sustain itself in the face of emerging competition. This paper starts from the assumption that the United States was a global hegemonic power, jointly with the U.S.S.R. from 1945 and then in its own right from the late 1980s at least. It then examines arguments which support the idea that the United States is still a global hegemonic power and arguments against. Economic, political, military and cultural factors are considered in turn, and then the argume nts are discussed, explaining why the hegemonic power of the United States is currently under threat, and concluding in the end that the United States is still a hegemonic power, but that this situation is not likely to last very much longer. 2. Arguments

Project Management - Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Project Management - Benchmarking - Essay Example Organisations therefore critically scrutinise the diverse systems within the organisation as measured against the industry leaders or yardstick to detect the performance gaps that impede their success through a benchmarking process. Subsequently, the identified shortcomings are revised with an aim of either matching the benchmarked organisations or surpassing them hence evolves exceptional strategies. This paper therefore seeks to explore the concept and working of benchmarking as an effective operational tool that can be used to evaluate and augment project management. The discussion will therefore centre on the significance and use of benchmarking as enhancement scheme in delivering project and business value. Benchmarking has being described as an enduring mutually beneficial search for, and application of significantly better practices that leads to superior vigorous performances. An efficient and enduring mechanism for organisations to determine areas they can enhance in view of their objectives, targets and existing approaches as well as functions (BEST, 2004: 5). It is thus the evaluation of both the performance of the organization’s systems and the how those systems function against the pertinent yardstick firms to gain useful tactics for growth (Reh, 2009). In project management, benchmarking identifies instruments, project administration, dexterity and individuals as the decisive segments to use as their benchmarks. The finest methods in vital, running, and closure of the projects are thus studied to match varying conditions. Attempts are then made to detect how it was conducted better (EIRMA, 1998). Benchmarking is therefore nowadays an entrenched tool for enhancing the performance of projects through vital assessment of decisive methods and contrasting these intensely against those who achieve better results. There are four types of benchmarking practices that are used to enhance project management and add business value but which can still

Analysis on the evolution of inflation and unemployment rates Essay

Analysis on the evolution of inflation and unemployment rates - Essay Example The highest inflation rate recorded was 16.59% in June 2008 while the lowest recorded rate was -9.96% in December 2009. Currently the inflating in Qatar is 2.70% .Unemployment rates from 2001 to 2013 averaged about 2.73% proving the relationship between inflation and unemployment rate as inverse. Currently ,unemployment rate is about 0.3 %( World Bank 2015). Inflation rates in United Arab Emirates from 1990 to 2014 averaged 2.15%. December 2008 recorded the highest inflation rate in United Arab Emirate of 2.15%. The lowest recorded inflation rate was -1.6% in January 2011. Currently the inflation rate stands at 3.60%. Unemployment rates averaged 3.12% from 1985 to 2012. The highest unemployment rate recorded was 4.60% in 2011. This rate decreased to about 4.20% as of 2012 (World Bank 2015). According to those statistics, inflation and unemployment relates inversely. Consequently policy makers can only target either low inflation rates or low unemployment rates but not both simultaneously. If the rates of unemployment and inflation were plotted, the resulting curve is the Phillip’s

Bechtel Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Bechtel Corporation - Essay Example Its signature projects include: the Bay Area Rapid Transit; Channel Tunnel & Rail Link; Cingular wireless expansion; Hong Kong International Airport; Hoover Dam; Hurricane Katrina disaster relief; Iraq reconstruction; Jubail Industrial City; Kuwait oil fires; Tacoma Narrows Bride; and the Three Mile Island cleanup. The firm remains a privately owned business. It now has its headquarters in San Francisco, with offices worldwide employing 53,000 employees. Its 2011 revenues amount to USD$32.9 billion, and its new contract awards are valued at US$53 billion (Bechtel Corp.com., 1). The company continues to grow its revenues and projects, but faces a possible weakening of the economy the in the coming years which may adversely affect the construction industry (O’Connor, 1), Bechtel included. General Statement of Results Bechtel is one of the leading international construction firms. It has developed competitive competencies in various other specialized but fields. Supporting this special capability is the firm’s commitment to ethical business principles, quality of output, and safety of employees and customers. The company’s policies are people-centric, placing emphasis on the welfare of customers, employees, suppliers, and the community above the prospects of profits. Its leadership is value driven, both within and outside the organization, as evident in Bechtel’s mentoring program that has midway in its second decade. Objectives are set by management with the participation of the organization’s stakeholders, and performance measures. Quality of inputs is ascertained by a system of registration of suppliers who are oriented and trained according to Bechtel’s standards. ... General Statement of Results Bechtel is one of the leading international construction firms. It has developed competitive competencies in various other specialized but fields. Supporting this special capability is the firm’s commitment to ethical business principles, quality of output, and safety of employees and customers. The company’s policies are people-centric, placing emphasis on the welfare of customers, employees, suppliers, and the community above the prospects of profits. Its leadership is value driven, both within and outside the organization, as evident in Bechtel’s mentoring program that has midway in its second decade. Objectives are set by management with the participation of the organization’s stakeholders, and performance measures. Quality of inputs is ascertained by a system of registration of suppliers who are oriented and trained according to Bechtel’s standards. Technology is at a premium in Bechtel, with several of the innovati ons the company intended for application in the construction industry being accorded recognition through prestigious international awards. Work procedures at the company have consistently stressed quality but not at the expense of employee and customer safety. As with all firms, however, Bechtel has problems with its unions, and accusations of cronyism and taking advantage of Iraq’s destruction as a result of the U.S.-led invasion, since it received one of the first and largest contracts in Iraq. It appears from this that Bechtel’s very competence and success has been the cause of aspersions levelled at its reputation. Analysis (positive or negative impact, especially positive consequences) a. Policy Bechtel’s vision is to be the world’s premier engineering, construction, and project

Socrates, Body and Soul Essay Example for Free

Socrates, Body and Soul Essay In the first part of the Phaedo, Socrates lays out his theory regarding the immortality of the soul. Near the end of this part he breaks down the body and soul and shows us that they are very different in permanence and structure. The body and soul, which are are interlinked when alive and separated at death, are fundamentally different constructs. The dichotomy here is expressed through the argument as opposites of composition, ideal forms, solidity, spirituality, and visibility. Socrates opens the overall discussion at 64c by defining death as separation of the soul from the body while the argument regarding the duality of body and soul is picked up again at the end of 78b with the major premise being whether or not the soul is something that can be scattered. Socrates continues by stating that anything that is non-composite will likely stay in one piece over time, while composite or compound items will eventually break down into individual parts. Furthermore, composite objects are subject to change and â€Å"vary from one time to another† (78c) with things that are static likely being non-composite in nature. Socrates now elects to pull in the invisible perfect forms that are the ideals of the corporeal existence. â€Å"The Equal itself, the Beautiful itself, each thing in itself, the real †¦ remain the same and never in any way tolerate any change whatever. † (78d) This is a continuation of a previous line of reasoning that starts at 65d with the introduction of the pure concepts that are partially enumerated as the Beautiful, the Just, and the Good and culminating with the realization that perfect knowledge of these can only be obtained with a total disconnect of the soul from the body. The perfect forms presented are actually assumptions that serve to further the argument along. Our direct existence allows us to experience the particulars of the beautiful such as â€Å"men, horses, clothes, or other such things †¦ and all those which bear the same name as the others. † (78e) These particulars help to form our day to day experience and are always in a constant state of flux with relation to themselves or each other. Socrates goes on to posit that those that are static in nature can be grasped only directly by the mind and are among the invisible. Furthermore, we are to assume that the classes of visible and invisible exist and are real and that the visible is in constant change and the invisible is static in nature. Socrates then establishes the visible and invisible existences and states that the visible is in constant change, while the invisible in absolutely never changes. The argument is further refined at 79c by defining the body and soul as parts that can be split into two separate entities with the body being visible and the soul invisible. Now, at the bottom of 79c, the soul is described as being â€Å"dragged by the body to the things that are never the same, and the soul itself strays and is confused and dizzy as if it were drunk, in so far as it is in contact with that kind of thing. † This is a continuation of the argument near 66a, whereby â€Å"the body confuses the soul and does not allow it to acquire truth and wisdom whenever it is associated with it. † In 79d, Socrates tells us that the soul is akin to the â€Å"pure, ever existing, immortal, and unchanging. † When investigation is done by the soul itself, it enters the spiritual realm and â€Å"will cease straying and only then will it experience wisdom. The logical conclusion of this argument is that â€Å"the soul is altogether more like that which always exists in the same state rather than like that which does not. † (79e) The argument proceeds to lay out the notions of the nature of the divine and the mortal as that of to lead and to follow. Next the body is posited to resemble most closely the mortal and the soul the divine. To summarize the argument , at 80b, Socrates said â€Å"that the soul is most like the divine, deathless, intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, always the same as itself, whereas the body is most like that which is human, mortal, mustiform. Unintelligible, soluble and never consistently the same. † Based on this Socratean argument, the body and soul are fundamentally different constructs. Their properties are diametrically opposite to each other, with the soul being immortal, unchangeable and non-composite. On the other hand, the body is mortal, changeable, and a composite structure. It has been shown that composites really has a risk of blowing away after death, while the soul does not. References Morito, Bruce (2000). Introduction to Philosophy West and East, Study Guide. Athabasca: Athabasca University. Grube, G. M. A. (1977). Plato Phaedo (translation). Indianapolis, Indiana: Hacket Publishing Company, Inc.

Ernie Davis Essay Example for Free

Ernie Davis Essay A three-time All-American halfback and 1961 Heisman Trophy winner, Ernie Davis would go on to win MVP title in both the Cotton Bowl and the Liberty Bowl, and was inducted into the College Football Hall Of Fame in 1979. He was the first African American man to win the Heisman Trophy, and to be picked 1st overall in the NFL draft. His career was cut short when he was diagnosed with cancer in 1962. Athlete. American Football player. Ernie Davis was born on December 14, 1939 in New Salem, Pennsylvania, USA. He is the first African American man to win the Heisman Trophy and the first black athlete to be chosen 1st overall in the NFL Draft. A three-time All-American halfback and 1961 Heisman Trophy winner, Davis set yardage and scoring records at Syracuse University. He would go on to win MVP title in both the 1960 Cotton Bowl and the 1961 Liberty Bowl, and would be inducted into the College Football Hall Of Fame in 1979. His honors and accomplishments on the gridiron were matched only by his adversity off the field; As a black athlete playing many games in the south, he was the victim of racism on several occasions. The most publicized incident occurred when he was selected as the Cotton Bowl MVP in 1960. Davis was told by organizers that he would be allowed to accept his award at the post game banquet, and would immediately have to leave the segregated facility. Ernie refused to receive the award, and his entire team agreed to boycott the banquet. A man of firsts, Ernie Davis was the first African American man to win the Heisman Trophy, the first to join the prestigious Sigma Alpha Mu fraternity (a nationally recognized Jewish fraternity) and, in 1962, became the first African American player to be picked 1st overall in the NFL draft. Tragic Death Although the details are somewhat disputed, Davis contract was considered to be the most lucrative ever offered to an NFL rookie. His teammates and supporters looked forward to seeing Ernie sharing the backfield with the great Jim Brown, breaking countless records and leading the Cleveland Browns to a decade of victorious seasons. Those seasons would never come, however, as Ernie was diagnosed with acute monocytic leukemia during preparations for the 1962 College All Star Game. Although treatment had begun immediately, the disease would prove incurable and Ernie died on May 18, 1963 Having never played a professional football game. Both the House and the Senate eulogized him, and his wake was in The Neighborhood House in Elmira, New York, where more than 10,000 mourners paid their respects. Accolades from JFK His character and his athletic accomplishments caught the eye of John F. Kennedy, who had followed Ernies college career and made several attempts to meet the star. In 1963, when he heard Ernie would be honored by his high school with a school holiday, the president sent a telegram reading: Seldom has an athlete been more deserving of such a tribute. Your high standards of performance on the field and off the field, reflect the finest qualities of competition, sportsmanship and citizenship. The nation has bestowed upon you its highest awards for your athletic achievements. Its a privilege for me to address you tonight as an outstanding American, and as a worthy example of our youth. I salute you. Ernie Davis was the subject of the 2008 Universal Pictures film The Express, based on the non-fiction book Ernie Davis: The Elmira Express, by Robert C. Gallagher.

Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology Essay

Mechanisms Of Conservative And Replicative Transposition Biology Essay Bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage which adopts transposition pathway in its life cycle. Mu has the capability to integrate into numerous sites in host Escherichia coli genome and cause mutations due to its insertional activation. Mu transposes via two major pathways; conservative and replicative transposition though the molecular switch between the two mechanisms remain unknown. This review will focus on the comparisons between replicative and conservative transposition. The first part will discuss the similarities between the two mechanisms; donor DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step which involves nucleophilic attacks, generating single-strand nicks in Mu DNA and joining it to target DNA via one-step transesterification mechanism. The latter part will concentrate on the different characteristics in each transposition mechanism; in replicative transposition, the end product is duplication of transposon copy in both target and host DNA while in conservative transposition, a simple insertion of transposon is produced in the target DNA. 1. Characteristics of bacteriophage Mu Phage, derived from the Greek word phagein, literally means to eat. Bacteriophage Mu was named as such(find out who did) due its nature of infecting and inducing high levels of mutation in host bacteria Escherichia coli., hence the name Mu for mutator. The dual nature of Mu transposon and virus has made it as the archetypal model of studying phage genetics. Bacteriophage Mu is a temperate phage of E. coli which employs the transposition mechanism in its life cycle. Transposition can either be conservative (excising the transposon and inserting it into bacterial chromosome) or replicative (transposon copies are produced in both transposon and bacterial chromosome). Both mechanisms will be discussed extensively later in this article. Unlike the phage ÃŽÂ », insertion of Mu genome into the target site proceeds in a randomly manner which makes it an excellent mutator. Fig. 1: The life cycle of bacteriophage Mu(5). The life cycle of phage Mu is shown schematically in Fig. 1 above. Bacteriophage Mu infect susceptible host cell by adsorption and then, injects its linear viral genome. Once inside the host cell, the linear genome does not circularized(4,5,19), unlike in phage ÃŽÂ ». In either case of lytic or lysogenic phase, Mu integrates its DNA into the host genome via conservative transposition(16,19). This is observed differently in phage ÃŽÂ » where the infecting phage DNA will be integrated into host genome only during lysogenization(19). An enzyme called transposase, encoded by MuA gene in the phage genome, is absolutely crucial to carry out this conservative transposition step. Phage DNA is inserted at multiple sites in a bacterial genome which lead to the assumption that the insertion occur by a random manner(8). However, there are several factors that influence target site selection such as MuA protein efficiency and transposition immunity(15). After integration, Mu usually adopts a quiescent prophage lifestyle(lysogenic phase). The preference between lysogenic and lytic phase in Mu life cycle is dependent on its stability in the lysogen and lysogenic repressors. However, lysogens of Mu phage sometimes enter the lytic phase though this is a rare event. When induced, usually by using temperature-sensitive repressor mutants of phage Mu and subject it at 42ËÅ ¡C, the lysogen will enter lytic cycle. When the lysogenic repressor is inactivated, Mu transposes via replicative transposition, producing copies of phage genome which will be packaged into new virions. The virions then lyse the host cell and infect new hosts. Bacteriophage Mu virions comprised of icosahedral head(diameter 54nm), a baseplate, a contractile tail and six short tail fibres(5). Fig. 2: Simplified cartoon illustrating packaging of Mu genome. Typical length of phage Mu DNA is approximately 37kb long. Additional 2 kb of host DNA is incorporated during DNA packaging which is shown as flanking each end of the integrated Mu genome, with most of it at the right end. Unique sequences of host DNA and at the right end of the packaged DNA is dependent on initiation site of packaging in the host DNA(24). Fig. 3: Physical and genetic map of bacteriophage Mu. Solid black lines represent Mu DNA while the boxes at the two ends indicate flanking host DNA sequences. Mu genes (indicated in block letters) and their corresponding translational products are as indicated(19). A typical size of wild-type phage Mu DNA is about 37.5 kb, however each phage capsid can accommodate up to 39 kb long. Phage genome has a pac site which serves as the starting point in packaging of the phage DNA, located within attL(5). The initiation cleavage by phage enzyme terminase occurs upstream of the phage pac site, which includes host sequence of about 50-150bp flanking the left end. Second cleavage initiated when a complete filling of capsid is achieved, which includes 0.5 kb to 2 kb of host sequence flanking the right end(1). Genetic and physical map of phage Mu is illustrated in Fig. 3. Bacteriophage Mu utilizes headful mechanism strategy, which confer variable lengths of host DNA flanking the left ends of Mu DNA depending on the initiation site of genome packaging(Fig. 2). 2. Transposition mechanism (E) (D) (C) (B) (A) Fig. 4: Modes of bacteriophage Mu transposition. (A), (B) and (C) are the common steps in both conservative and replicative transposition of phage Mu. In conservative and replicative transposition, phage Mu will follow-up step (D) and (E) respectively. Curved arrows indicate nucleophile attack, transferring the 3-OH ends to the staggered 5-phosphate ends of target DNA. Dentate lines (XXXX) indicate target DNA sequences which are duplicated during transposition (16). Numerous in vitro studies have been conducted to study the mechanism of transposition, and usually mini-Mu elements are used. A minimal Mu element consists of a selectable gene, a plasmid replication origin and essential Mu ends(2). The mechanism of transposition is discussed in respect to an in vitro system from this point onwards unless stated otherwise. Following discussion on transposition mechanism are based on Shapiro model(22) as it has been widely accepted as the golden model in this field. The current known modes of transposition is divided into two: non-replicative (conservative) and replicative transposition. Both strategies utilize the same mechanism up to point (Fig. 4C) where each strategy employs different mechanism, producing different end products. A simple insertion of transposon is generated in target DNA by conservative transposition (Fig. 4D) while two copies of transposon formed in both donor and target DNA by replicative transposition (Fig. 4E). Point A to C are considered as the similar features in both conservative and replicative transposition while point D and E is the distinction between the two modes of transposition. Therefore, mechanisms involved in point A,B and C are discussed in context of both replicative and conservative transposition, which comprises of DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step. Sequential stages of both cleavage and strand transfer steps are illustrated in Fig. 4. 2.1 Donor DNA cleavage step Two critical chemical steps in both transposition pathways are donor DNA cleavage step and DNA strand transfer step(5,8). The donor DNA cleavage step is initiated when water molecules within an active site act as nucleophiles, and attack phosphodiester bond in DNA backbone at each of the transposon end(4,5). The cleavage step involves a direct hydrolysis of phosphodiester bond by water, and not by covalent enzyme-DNA intermediate(17). The phosphodiester bond is cleaved at the flanking host-transposon DNA boundary. 3-hydroxyl (OH) ends of the Mu DNA are exposed at the end of the cleavage step. Strand transfer results in fusion of target and donor DNA, which forms an intermediate molecule (8). The process (simplified in Fig. 4C) follows the Shapiro model(22). Bacteriophage-encoded proteins, MuA protein (transposase) and MuB protein (ATPase) are required for transposition. Other requirements to ensure efficiency of transposition are accessory proteins such as host-encoded DNA bending proteins called hydroxyurea (HU) and integration host factor (IHF)(8). The inverted repeats at the end of donor DNA, and target sequence on bacterial chromosome are also important in transposition mechanism. The assembly of higher order protein-DNA complexes called transposome has been identified by in vitro studies(6). A three-site synaptic complex called the LER complex comprising right and left ends of Mu and transpositional enhancer, was formed in the beginning of transposition in vitro(23). MuA protein binds to MuA binding site at the ends of Mu DNA as monomer, and subsequently function as tetramer of MuA (transposase). Host IHF and HU protein were found to aid in formation and stabilisation of LER complex. The LER complex is relatively unstable and so, is rapidly converted into stable synaptic complex (SSC), also known as type 0 complex(17). This is the critical checkpoint before any chemical reaction is carried out as it is the rate-limiting step of cleavage reaction(6). A stable synapse between tetramer of MuA and the two ends of Mu DNA is made but no cleavage is initiated yet at this point. Nonetheless, the active site is structurally occupied to the region around the scissile phosphate while the flanking DNA are destabilized upon formation of the SSC complex(6). In addition to formation of a stable synapse, the Mu ends needs to be properly-oriented, a super coiled DNA topology, and accessory DNA sites are also important to proceed to the next step. Formation of SSC usually is short-lived in presence of Mg2+ but can be accumulated in presence of suitable divalent cations such as Ca2+,which promotes the formation of SSC(8,17). Next, SSC is converted into a type 1 transposome complex, also called as cleaved donor complex(CDC)(9). The 3 ends of Mu DNA are nicked in presence of Mg2+. Two subunits of MuA tetramer, that are associated with the sites that undergo cleavage, assemble in trans arrangement which favours the strand transfer reaction(5). The formation of CDC can then be thought as the result of donor DNA cleavage step. Type 1 transposome complex exhibits greater stability than the type 0 complex though MuA forms structural and functional core in both transposome complexes(6). In addition of stably bound tetramer of MuA proteins, there are loosely associated MuA proteins present in the CDC as well. In absence of MuB protein, MuA tetramer is unable to promote strand transfer reaction unless these extra MuA proteins are present. MuB protein is an ATP-dependent DNA-binding protein, which also acts as an allosteric activator of Mu transposase (MuA proteins)(21). Transposition can still proceed in absence o f MuB proteins, but MuA protein by itself is only 1% efficient(3). 2.2 Strand transfer step A hallmark of this step is the formation of strand transfer complex (STC), also known as type 2 transposome complex. The end product of STC is formation of a branched molecule(Shapiro intermediate) which is characterized by a covalent interaction between donor DNA and target DNA via 5bp single-stranded gaps and its ÃŽÂ ¸ structure(22). MuB protein first captures a target molecule and bring it to the vicinity of the transposome complex, forming a TC complex(6). Formation of TC complexes rapidly undergo one-step transesterification reaction, which is the rate-limiting step in the strand transfer step. Interestingly, recruiting of target molecules by MuB proteins and formation of TC complexes can occur at several time point during the reaction pathway(6). This is a particularly efficient step to maximize transposition potential as it would speed up rate of strand transfers during transposition. The free 3-OH ends produced from the cleavage step act as nucleophile and attack phosphates of target DNA at the 5 ends. 5-nucleotides long offset nicks are made in the target DNA, generating a staggered arrangement(3). At this stage, the MuA proteins(transposase) are still tightly bound to the branched molecule with single stranded gaps. This pose an obstruction for the assembly of replication fork by host replication factors. The structure of the branched molecule is simplified in (C) of Fig. 4. The forming of this intermediate molecule serves as the critical point which distinguish between conservative and replicative transposition. A widely accepted model is that the resolving of this co-integrate molecule by a special resolvase complex leads to double copies of transposon being made in both donor and target site(REFerence). This is by definition, a replicative transposition pathway. Thus, the strand transfer complex is destabilized and disassembled by a system of eight E. coli host molecular proteins (DnaB helicase, DnaC protein, DnaG primase, DNA polymerase II, single-strand binding protein, DNA gyrase, DNA polymerase I and DNA ligase) and molecular chaperon called ClpX, producing cointegrates(13). This transition from transposome complex to a replisome results in duplication of 5-bp target DNA sequences flanking both ends of Mu DNA. Alternatively, if the bacteriophage Mu is to enter the conservative pathway, the co-integrate molecule is repaired or processed without performing Mu DNA replication. The end product of STC in a conservative transposition is a simple insertion of single mini-Mu element inserted into the target DNA(8). However, the mechanism of this model is poorly understood. Fig. 5: Transposome complexes involved during DNA cleavage complex and DNA strand transfer. (A) A plasmid (gray line) bearing donor mini-Mu element (black line) DNA in the in vitro system is negatively coiled. (B) In presence of host HU protein, Mu A protein bind to the two ends of Mu DNA forming a stable synaptic complex (not shown). Assembly of MuA tetramer produces a nick at each ends of Mu DNA, creating a cleaved donor complex (CDC). (C) Nicked 3 ends of Mu DNA are joined together to target DNA in presence of MuB protein forming a strand transfer complex (STC). MuA tetramer is still tightly bound to the Mu ends in the STC. (D) In replicative transposition, a cointegrate molecule is produced when replication of target DNA initiated from the 3 Mu ends by host replication machinery (13). 3. Replicative transposition Replicative transposition was first suggested by Ljungquist and Bukhari (1977) to occur in situ after induction of lysogens, which means that the Mu prophage was not excised from host chromosome during transposition(14). The lysogens were digested with restriction enzymes which cleaves both host and Mu DNA at specific restriction sites. Two of the fragments from the restriction digests contain both host and Mu DNA, which corresponds to junctions between host and prophage DNA, suggesting that prophage DNA is replicated in situ of host chromosome(19). Several genetic and biochemical predictions made in the Shapiro model have been demonstrated in both in vivo and in vitro studies, hence this model is accepted as a plausible mechanism to explain transposition in phage Mu. Numerous techniques have been done to study the direction of replication of Mu DNA during transposition. Results obtained by annealing of Okazaki fragments to separated strands of Mu DNA shows that more than 80% of Mu molecules replication proceed from left to right end(11,19). Electron microscopical observation of mini-Mu element shows that replicating molecules in vitro replicate from both ends in equal probability'(11,19). Replication of Mu DNA is accepted to be predominantly unidirectional, that is from left towards the right end(20). Intramolecular replication pathway can result in inversion, deletion, and simple insertion while intermolecular events can produce co-integrate molecules(19). In the case of Mu transposition, formation of co-integrate molecule needs to be resolved in order to produce two replicons; one molecule contains transposon and target DNA while another molecule contains transposon and donor DNA(10). 4. Conservative transposition The main characteristic of conservative transposition is that phage DNA is not replicated prior to integration. Upon infection of a susceptible host cell (usually E. coli), Mu employs conservative, or also called non-replicative transposition to transfer its genome to the target site. As discussed earlier, conservative transposition pathway follows single strand nicks at the 3 ends of Mu DNA, of which the exposed 3-OH ends join to the staggered cut target DNA at the 5ends forming a co-integrate molecule. The co-integrate or so-called Shapiro intermediate is repaired and generates a simple insertion in the target DNA though the mechanism is still poorly understood. Shapiro model emphasized on single-stranded nicks at Mu ends, joining of Mu to a staggered double-strand break in target DNA, formation of an intermediate molecule, and shedding of heterogeneous of previous host DNA sequences after ligation in conservative pathway(22). On the other hand, Morisato and Kleckner (1984) proposed a different mechanism based on results with Tn10 transposition. Their model is double-stranded cleavages at the transposon ends generating an excised transposon, which then circularizes via ligation on one of the strands(18). It predicts shedding of host sequences from the Mu DNA ends before ligation into the new target DNA. Study of Mu transposition using plasmid substrates in vitro produced results in favour of the Shapiro model, and hence this model has been widely accepted and used in studies. Fig. 6: A model of conservative transposition which utilizes double-strand cleavages during integration. (A) Transposase bind to the inverted repeats at Mu-host boundary sites and cleaves off the transposon away. (B) Transposase made a staggered cut at target sequence of which exposed 3-OH ends of transposon attacks 5-phosphate ends of the host (not shown). The transposon then joins to the host sequence. Duplicated target sequence of 5-bp are completed by host replication machinery (7). The debate on single-strand or double-strand cleavage however does not end there. If phage Mu were to utilize the Shapiro model of transposition during integration (the well-established cointegrate mechanism), the flanking host sequences would remain bound to Mu ends. This would clearly pose a problem as subsequent target-primed replication of the linear integrant would not work, or simply break the chromosome(1). Evidently, results from in vitro experiments are against this as the transposition end products contain transposon, suggesting a complete transposition process have been accomplished. So, does the infecting Mu DNA utilize the Shapiro model where the cointegrate molecule gets processed and repaired, prior to replication at the flanking sequence? Or does it follow a cut-and-paste mechanism where both strands of Mu DNA gets cleaved off from the flanking host DNA sequence (as illustrated in Fig. 6), where no cointegrate molecule is generated, which eventually means, there is no need for resolve by replication? An in vitro experiment was done by Au et al. (2006) to observe the fate of flanking host DNA sequences upon phage Mu infection. Specific markers specific to the infecting phage Mu DNA as well as the donor host (lacZ/proB) were used. These markers were acquired from the host in which the phage had been propagated but absent in the host being infected(1). Upon infection of plasmids by bacteriophage Mu, signal for flanking sequences and Mu DNA were detected in the chromosome at the same time point (approximately at minute 8), which correspond to the integration time point of Mu. Subsequent expression of lacZ and proB were detected maximally at minute 15, significantly reduced at minute 30 and by minute 50, expression were halted(1). Maximal expression at minute 15 most likely corresponds to climax of integration of the infecting phage population. These findings strongly suggest that flanking sequences get integrated together with Mu DNA into the new target site and are subsequently, rem oved by a special mechanism(which explained the undetectable expression at minute 50). This then proves that infecting phage Mu employs an alternate cointegrate mechanism (also called as nick-join-process mechanism) in conservative transposition pathway, where the Mu DNA undergo single-strand nicks, joins to the target DNA, and repaired before replication of the 5-bp gap left by the flanking sequence(1). The mechanism of removal and repair of host flanking sequence however, remains ambiguous. Conclusion Dual nature of bacteriophage Mu, a transposable element and a virus, is certainly interesting but what is more fascinating is that it utilizes both replicative and non-replicative transposition throughout its life cycle. The former mechanism produces a transposon copy in both donor and target DNA while the latter usually generates a simple insertion of transposon in the target DNA, leaving a gap in the host DNA which most likely will get degraded. In the early stages, both replicative and conservative transposition pathway share a similar mechanism. Regardless of the transposition pathway, infecting Mu DNA during the first round of infection will integrate its DNA into the target chromosome via two critical steps; donor DNA cleavage step and strand transfer step. Mu uses a phosphoryl transfer involving nucleophilic attacks of water on phosphodiester bonds of Mu DNA, producing single-strand nicks. A second nucleophilic attack by exposed 3-ends of Mu DNA on 5-ends of target phosphodiester bonds, which then joins the Mu DNA to target DNA via one-step transesterification mechanism. A series of transposome complexes are formed throughout these processes including Mu-encoded MuA proteins(transposase) and MuB proteins(ATPase). A cointegrate is produced in both pathways but in replicative transposition, this intermediate molecule is resolved producing two replicons with transposon copy in each molecule. In conservative transposition, the cointegrate is repaired generating a simple insertion in the target DNA. Hence, it is more accurate to name conservative transposition as nick-join-process rather than the conventional cut-and-paste mechanism as the latter suggest double-strand nicks at the transposon end, which has been proven inaccurate by in vitro experiments. Both transposition pathways have been compared extensively in this review but much of functional core of the mechanisms remain to be understood. (2944 words)

Docter Faustus Essay -- essays research papers

The truth that ambition and desire for material objects does not always satisfy the soul is a major theme depicted in Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus. The poem on page 93, lines 96-113 is the essence of this theme. It describes Faustus meeting, what he believes, is the icon of perfection. This perfection is a mere human women, yet, to Faustus, she is worth his life. Marlowe’s use of syntax and diction, allusions and references, and other literary devices throughout this monologue give support to the theme while adding rich symbolic images. The first example of diction in the monologue is the use of the saying, "the face that launched a thousand ships" (l. 96). This is a commonly applied expression when speaking about Helen of Troy. Throughout the play, Faustus fluctuates between the use of advanced and lesser vocabulary. Here, he is so shocked by Helen’s beauty that he knows nothing else but this typical phrase. This implies that Faustus is in a state of hypnosis. He is taken over by Helen’s beauty, and in the process, loses his soul. Another illustration of the trance Faustus is in, is by the use of alliteration in the first two lines of the poem. This device causes the reader to read the lines more slowly. The pronunciation of words in a moderate fashion suggests this trance, and makes the rest of the passage more comprehensible. In contrast to the first two lines, the rest of the section can be read more easily and therefore, faster. Few caesuras are utilized in this part, making the para graph flow better. The quick pace of the these lines indicate excitement on Faustus’ part. If this is the case, it is understandable how he loses his soul without resistance. The last line is brought back to a slower pace. The word "paramour" lends itself to a laggard pronunciation, which enforces Faustus’ realization that his soul has been taken. This is all due to Marlowe’s choice of words and sentence structure. Because the reader can experience Faustus’ state of mind through the writing, they can relate to the upcoming circumstances. Faustus’ excitement of the need for the material aspects of life, lead to his downfall. Allusions and references also add to the comprehension and depth of this piece. Many references are made to familiar Greek mythology characters, including Paris, Menelaus, Achilles, Jupiter, ... ...ted at as being a demon, their kiss makes him cursed. In the Catholic church, relations with a demon is unpardonable, and in turn kills any chance of Faustus being redeemed by G-d. Because he wanted Helen for her material beauty, he had to sacrifice his soul. When he finally does sacrifice his life to Helen he gives a brief cry for help. He underestimates the damage he has done and screams, "Her lips suck forth my soul. See where it flies" (l. 99)! He returns to her asking her to kiss him again, soon forgetting the damage he has done. This example of a litotie is contrasted with Faustus’ hyperbole of Helen’s magnificence. The juxtaposition of these concepts against each other prove that Faustus cared little for his spiritual body, and more for Helen – the material body. Marlowe’s use of strong literary devices in lines 96-113 on page 93 greatly supported the theme that only striving for material objects will only lead to harm. Faustus exemplified this theme in his Helen of Troy monologue, where he asked for her in return for his soul. In the end, Helen took Faustus’ soul, leaving him with neither, the material pleasures, nor a spiritually complete life.

Ammaniti’s Novel, I’m Not Scared Essay -- I’m Not Scared by Ammaniti

This is a profoundly moral tale of lost innocence and adult cruelty. Do you agree? Ammaniti’s novel I’m Not Scared set in Acqua Traverse, Italy 1978 is a powerful text, which explores relevant social themes and issues. Besides being a tale of adult cruelty and lost innocence we cannot ignore the role in which loyalty and betrayal play in the novel. These central themes make this novel a compelling text. In the novel Michelle journeys from a joyful innocent child into a perceptive and wiser youth. Initially we view Michelle as a child who is very compassionate, willing to â€Å"do the forfeit† for Barbara to exempt her from Skull’s cruelty. As the story progresses qualities namely courage and loyalty surface in Michelle. These two qualities are most noticeable when he states, â€Å"I’m going to see Fillipo†¦ Who’s Fillipo? He’s a friend of mine†. Michelle’s actions show and justify a belief that he has in a sense â€Å"lost his innocence†. Michelle also shows maturity when he acknowledges that his father may not be a loving man, stating, †Papa was the bogeyman. By day he was good, by night he was bad†. He realises that the adults are cruel and is astounded when he notices his father stating â€Å"two ears we’ll cut off. Two!†. Michelle loses his innocence after witnessing the cruelty displayed by t he adults as well as being tested by the notions of loyalty and betrayal. The adults with the exception of Michelle’s mother can all be seen as having key roles in the kidnapping. The treatment ...

An Analysis of The Dominate Perspectives of International Political Eco

In the world of international political economy, three dominant perspectives have emerged over time. The differences and similarities between the realist/mercantilist, liberalism, and historical structuralism perspectives are significant. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these dominant perspectives. First, I will give a historical account of how each perspective originated. Then I will outline the actors involved in each perspective, explore those actors’ interests, and outline which of those actors set economic and political policy. Lastly, I will explore how those political and economic actors relate to each other. History Among the three dominant perspectives, realist/mercantilist is the oldest and some would argue the most important and comprehensive theory . It was developed in Europe during the 15th to 18th centuries and was based on the premise that what best-supported national power and wealth was increasing exports and collecting precious metals, such as bullion . The states would then establish colonies, a merchant marine, and develop industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade . In order for the states to be able to fund their expansion, pay for their increasingly large armies and cover the growing costs of their government they needed to accumulate wealth. The state became more involved in the economy favoring export-oriented policies because in order to accumulate the much-needed wealth, the state needed to sell more than it bought, or export more than it imported . Governments started to impose import duties to protect local businesses and provide a source of revenue. Production was also increasingly regulated by the state and economic treaties were struck between states. The problem was; what good was all the accumulated wealth if they cannot protect themselves from invaders? The states quickly learned that wealth and security were intrinsically related and that in order to have and keep one you must have the other . Security, and the accumulation of wealth to pay for the costs of the security, is therefore now considered to be the most important aspects of realism/mercantilism and states now use the economy as a way to generate more wealth and more power .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberalism was a reaction against the policies of realism/mercantilism. The French philosophers ‘The Physiocrats’ condemned the in... ...he corporate sector guides the economic policies of the state and the state in turn regulates the corporate sector with favorable intervention. In summary, after examining the origins of each perspective, and exploring the main actors, which set policy and how they relate, it has become clear that while each theory has been put into practice and have all failed and succeeded to some extent, no one theory can accurately sum up the incredibly complex world of international political economy. Prepared By: Tim Delroy Bibliography Balaam, David and Veseth, Michael â€Å"Introduction to International Political Economy† (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001) Ekelund, Robert B. and Tollison, Robert D. â€Å"Politicized Economies† (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997) Goldstein, Joshua S. â€Å"International Relations† (New York: Longman, 2001) Jones, Barry; editor â€Å"The Worlds of Political Economy† (London: Pinter Publishers Ltd, 1988) Magnussen, Lars â€Å"Mercantilism: the Shaping of an Economic Language† (New York: Routledge, 1994) Stubbs, Richard and Underhill, Geoffrey R.D.; editors â€Å"Political Economy and the Changing Global Order† (Don Mills: Oxford University Press, 2000)

Greater Access to the Internet Has Enabled Buyers

Greater access to the internet has enabled buyers to search more easily for information about potential suppliers of goods and services. This has significantly affected many industries, such as insurance, banking, retailing and travel. To what extent do you think that increased internet usage inevitably reduces producers’ profits? Justify your answer with reference to organizations and/or industries that you know. Over the past decade, Shopping on the internet has skyrocketed with internet sales reaching almost ? 0 billion in 2012, which accounts to almost 10% of total sales in the UK. This is due to the increased possession of Internet devices such as: smartphones, laptops and computers. It has become much easier and simpler for consumers to buy products online using these devices. Increased internet security has also increased demand for online shopping due to customers being confident in undergoing an online transaction. Another advantage of selling items on the internet is that it gives you the opportunity to advertise your or another companies products.Over 80% of the British population uses the internet regularly which opens up a massive market for advertising and for companies to show their products to users of the internet. However, results in increased internet usage have resulted in the decreased need for physical advertising such as: books, magazines and newspapers which have begun to prove more ineffective in advertising products. For example, a double paged spread in a popular newspaper can exceed costs of ? 10,000 while costs of advertising on a high traffic website may only cost ? 200 a month.Jessops has recently entered administration and is a perfect example as to how increased internet usage can reduce profits for some firms. Its target market was camera lovers, which prints out photos, sells cameras and a large number of accessories. Despite being an online retailer, Jessops failed to compete with the low prices of Amazon, Curryâ€℠¢s and other online competitors. The internet has an endless supply of products such as cameras at a very competitive price. Some products would not be sold in Jessops but would be sold online resulting in losses of potential revenue for Jessops.Another market which has slowly died is the demand for printing of photos, due to social media websites such as Twitter and Facebook people don’t need to share their photos in a physical format and are capable of simply sending the picture via these social websites. In this case of selling products it was a massive drawback for Jessops but turned out to be an advantage for competitors such as Amazon. The increased number of internet users leads to benefits for Amazon who thrive off increased internet usage due to consumers finding it a cheaper alternative to Jessops.The internet can also be a good source of primary market research which enables firms such as Amazon to analyze prices of different websites. This would give the opportuni ty for Amazon to perhaps reduce prices or introduce offers which would help them sell more products. I believe it is entirely up to the company, this kind of competition would perhaps not effect Amazon due to their size in the market and their reliability where customers instantly visit Amazon knowing they will be given a fair price and receive their purchased item quickly.However, it did affect Jessops who failed to respond to demand and lower prices resulting in there imminent administration. I don’t believe that the increased usage of the internet reduces profits as some firms can be incredibly profitable off of this. With the current state of the economy, people who are in need of high quality clothing have tended to move further away from worldwide brands such as: Gucci, D&G and Louis Vuitton and have moved closer to the retail shop Zara. Zara has blossomed over the past few years, both online and in the high street due to increased internet usage and there quick respons e to demand.It is primarily down to the type of business and the level of competitiveness they possess. A large number of fashion companies are not focused on their usage of the internet and rely on customers purchasing these products physically from their shop which can be a major drawback in their market as they can’t expand their popularity to the larger target market found online. From the examples supplied I do not believe the increased usage of the internet will reduce producers’ profits as it will be down to the nature of the product and other related reasons.Reaction to change online will affect the companies chances of success in the current economic climate however. The internet can provide an endless number of benefits for companies such as: easy shopping, safe transactions and more straightforward searches. The internet has proven to be more successful for companies such as Zara having a massive profit increase of 43% simply after the re-designing of their websiote making it simpler for the inline internet shopper. Although a company like Zara could earn an incredible amount from online sales this leads to high street stores failing due to the loss in numbers of customers.

Antigone’s Relations Essay

In the deuce Antigone plays that we read, Anouilhs 1940s modern adaption and Sophocles translation, there be many contrasts. Everything from the displace to the message is different, however the consanguinity among characters is the or so striking difference family family relationships with Antigone in particular. In Sophocles interpreting, the character relations be alternatively underdeveloped, which is an extreme contrast from the relationships maneuvern in Anouilhs adaptation of Antigone. The relationships that are the some different between the dickens plays are Antigones relationship with Creon and with Haemon.Antigones relationship with Creon in the Sophocles version differs saliently from the Anouilh version. The most obvious difference is that in the Anouilh version Creon doesnt want Antigone to die and tries each way he can to asseverate her alive. He exhausts just well-nigh each descent possible, starting and frequently locomote to the similarities be tween her and her get down. He tells her how idiotic her perplex was and that she would be wise to not set out the said(prenominal) mis sequestrates regular(a) though she carries the same characteristics that lead Oedipus to his death. Then he switches manoeuvre and half orders her to not be fructify to death because she has to get hitched with Haemon, and when that doesnt work, he pulls a pity plea of how practi listy he would like to bury Polynices provided simply cant because of his duties as a king and what it would cost him if he bent to Antigones will.None of these rocks work, even when Creon, in a last frightening attempt to sway her, reveals to her how horrible her unique brothers actu completely toldy are. Really in this version, Creon does cathexis about Antigone he has nothing to mount from keeping Antigone alive besides that she would bond Haemon, and her sister Ismene is still around to marry him if Antigone is put to death. In contrast, the Sophocles v ersion doesnt present such a caring- if you could call it that in Anouilhs- relationship. In this relationship all Creon wants to do is see Antigone put to death. He is unswayed by any argument that his son Haemon throws out there. In this version things are simple. Antigone went against Creons edict and hide her brother, so therefore she must be put to death, no ifs ands or buts about it. There is no room for argument or feeling, and no real relationship development.While the relationship between Antigone and Creon in the Sophocles version is very underdeveloped when compared with the Anouilh version, the relationship between Antigone and Haemon is even to a greater extent so. In the Sophocles story, there is no indication of the great everlasting love between the two that would drive Haemon to kill himself everyplace determination Antigone dead. There is almost no feelings of peevishness or sadness at her excoriate to death until Haemon suddenly flies into a rage at the very stop upon seeing Antigone dead and shoves a trade name through his body. To Haemons credit, he does show a miniscule bit of tumult when arguing with his begin about the topic of Antigone. He comes through with a little bit of strength after all of the oh father, you are so wise junk, and tells him that mayhap he should bend just a little for her for his own benefit.And when Creon doesnt mind to his advice, he implies with his last words to his father And you will never see my grammatical construction again (Sophocles, scene 3, line 133) that he may in fact take his own life. But thats as far as it goes, and it seems to be to a greater extent out of anger at his father than of his love for Antigone. In Anouilhs version of the story, Haemon and Antigone have a ofttimes a good deal developed relationship. Its plainly clean up that Haemon loves Antigone and wants to be with her, even if she doesnt amply understand why he chose her over Ismene. The fact that he did chose her over Ismene shows more than anything else that he does indeed love her. Anouilhs added scene with Haemon and Antigone develops the relationship so much more and gives one a more believable basis for Haemon killing himself over Antigone. The scene is an intimate look at a couple in love, rather of in the Sophocles version a relationship that seems to be arranged for convenience at best.The changes in scenes which enhance and develop the relationships of Antigone with Creon and Haemon greatly improve the Anouilh version. Without the added scenes and implications in the scenes, the Sophocles version is rather dry and doesnt inspire much catharsis. However, in the Anouilh version, the reader is actually do to feel for the characters through their trials and tribulations, and therefore to be angry at Creon for killing her, reject of Antigone for her stubborn pride, and sad for all heterogeneous when everyone except for Creon end up dead. So although both versions are supposed to be the same story, the relationship developments are socontrasting that they are different stories altogether.

Macbeth as a tragic hero

The focal wind of the paper is to trace the instances of Macbeths quotation as a sadalal champion sandwich. This would alike include the style of the witches when he was pure and incorruptible and gradu all(prenominal)y descend to the point of near derangement when he lay down himself-importance nearing the ultimate stage of bonny abhorrence himself. It could well be menti wholenessd in this mise en scene that concept of a supporter and a tragic gunslinger is rather a perspective of the reader. However, it good deal be separated that a sheath is de lineageate as a title-holder when he appears to be a central reference of the story. This same someone is labeled as a tragic hero if the readers find him indulging in acts that are non moral or legal. Macbeth fits this criterion of a tragic hero perfectly. (Tyerman, 233-35)The textbook reveals in the opening word form of the drama that Macbeth is an super capable warrior in accordance to the account of the c aptain, and so making him an important human face of the drama. It is here through the captains point we come to k today that Macbeth is one of the most devoted subjects of queen regnant Duncan. Next we trance that Macbeth is interacting with three witches who helps us understand the three major attributes of Macbeth i.e. self- incertitude, ambitiousness and carnal bra very(prenominal). At the same while it beyond doubtfulness in the basement Macbeths character is bully and as a solder he is professedly to his job and his king. (Powell, 49-50)However, at the end of this scene we see the ignition of evil in the form of pipe dream but in an understated phase. This was a state where he was fighting for his king and now when advantage was achieved he wanted the better disperse of it for himself. Things started ever-changing at a faster phase and Macbeth found himself submerging into the assorted aspects of evil. First he, with the instigation of bird Macbeth, he killed King Duncan then it was the turn of Banquo. Banquo was a friend but he was eliminated in the subprogram of keeping Macbeths passel safe. He did not stop to this and eliminated the family too. By the end of the play, at his death, Macbeth was all told a tragic hero as a character. (Powell, 51-53)The transition of Macbeth from being a heroic character to a tragic hero came in various phases and aspects of circumstances and political developments. It was not a defense from Macbeths point in the act of cleanup spot King Duncan. The only defense of Macbeth was his ambition. He was not pleased with his possession of Glamis and Cawdor, he wanted more than. He wanted to be the king himself. It is true that he was instigated by the witches. The witches stated all told hail, Macbeth Hail to thee. Thane of Glamis / All hail, Macbeth Hail to thee. Thane of Cawdor / All hail, Macbeth That shalt be king thereafter (Shakespeare, I.3)This lead to the assassination of Duncan with ample moral and forcible support from Lady Macbeth and all this time Macbeth tries to be brave and just to himself but deep deep down(a) his morality is broken although Lady Macbeth tried her snapper out to justify each evil acts of Macbeth. Macbeth knows that he is on the wrong side. For Macbeth, as he mentions time and again, Duncan is more than a king to Macbeth and is alike a father to him. consequently with this act of treachery and lese majesty he was, at a sphere, murder his father. This was a huge leap towards becoming a tragic hero as well as a forbid character. (Tyerman, 235-37)Banquo too fought beside him with almost equal success and that created doubts in Macbeths mind as Banquo was more or less to become an important foe in the line of his ambition. This too was prophesied by the witches stating that the decedents of Banquo would reign as ruler. Thus it became more obvious that Banquo should be killed. However, he himself knows very well that whatever he is doing is un ethical and unwarrantable and he becomes more aligned with the witches where the sexual self represented as the witches are depicted as ridiculous and bizarre and obviously over-the-top with their actions like Double, double, toil and trouble, / Fire burn and cauldron emit (Shakespeare, IV.i.1011) and eye of newt and toe of frog. (Shakespeare, IV.i.14).At this composition Macbeth becomes an extension of evil spirit much(prenominal) as the witches themselves. At this point whatever Macbeth acts or represents becomes a manifestation of ill fate and unholy intensions. He orders assassinations and tries to kills any and every heir to the throne like a true oppose character and this plays an impact over his mind. One major part of this follow through was Macbeths misapprehension of blood. (Prawer, 224-5) He saw blood everywhere and it appeared to him that this blood was of Duncans and that it could not be rinsed away. I am in blood / Stepped in so far, that, should I walk no more , / Returning were as tedious as go oer (Shakespeare, III. 4. 135137).It would be relevant to mention that the playwright William Shakespeare depicted the character of Macbeth as a metaphor of human ambition gone wrong. This makes a character that starts as a brave and powerful warrior who is completely loyal to his abilities and more so to his king. He is well loved by his men and friends and the King himself and there is no originator to accept him as a positive hero but gradually we find him rolling into the abyss of evil procedures and ultimately becomes a tragic hero as a character.The arrival of the three witches also signifies the contributing detailor as an instrument. This part of the text appears to us as a superficial metaphor but this is apparently no illusion as per the drama. This is because there was another person who witnessed the witches and he is Banquo. Therefore, it could be ascertained that the characters of the three witches are in globe not illusions but a simple melodramatic manifestation of the underlying sentience of ambition of a courageous warrior who has tasted success few moments ago for his King, Duncan.This was a state where he was fighting for his king and now when victory was achieved he wanted the better part of it for himself. It is but human to ask more and it is human to be prone towards errors. But these are not qualities of a hero. Thus Macbeth is more tragic hero than a hero. (Prawer, 221-2)In this context it would be relevant to mention that the trace the instances of Macbeths visions also contributes to the fact that Macbeth was becoming a tragic hero as a character. His visions were so powerful because his desires were authoritative, commanding and extremely influential. Macbeths visions in the end appears to be born(p) out of the conflict of morality and ambition and thus could be well be narrated as a manifestation of the argument of the inner self.These visions are indeed both illusions and imprint of the psycho coherent analysis at the same time. But the overall aspect of these illusions is negative as they are all inclined towards evil visions of death, blood and fear. A character that experiences these visions makes the character negative with a malevolence vibe. Such a person is never a hero. But as he is the central character of the drama it would be logical to address him as a tragic hero. (Prawer, 223-4)In the later stages we see that illusions in the true sense of a psychologist appear in the scene with Macbeth visualizing the appearance of Banquos ghost. This is nothing superficial but the inner fear of an otherwise physically brave individual. Macbeth tries to be brave and just to himself but deep inside his morality is broken although Lady Macbeth tried her tit out to justify each evil acts of Macbeth. Macbeth knows that he is on the wrong side and the fear of be in the wrong side ultimately was manifested as the ghost of Banquo. Macbeths subconscious morality intercom municate the act of murder as a ghost. It is a true illusion but of the psychological context. psychology plays a deep impact on Macbeth all the text and another superficial aspect of Macbeths inner fears were revealed when he visualized Banquos beat(p) body looking at him and he is hugely terrified that Banquo might still be alive. This one vision or illusion appears as a striking note to Macbeths morality and thus expose the inner contradiction of Macbeths ambition, morality, justification and self doubt. (Gervers, 17-22)In conclusion it can be stated that Macbeth is a villain in some senses but a lovable villain without doubt and this contributes this character to become one of the crafted tragic hero of literature.ReferenceShakespeare, W Complete Works of Shakespeare (National curb Trust 1982)Prawer, H A Kings and Kingdoms Analysis of royal family in Shakespearean Plays (Allied Publishers 1998) pp 221-5Powell, M Anatomy of a Character Macbeth (ABP Ltd 2001) pp 49-53Gervers, V Power Mechanism in Literature (HBT Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 2000) pp 17-22Tyerman, J Invention of the Tragic King (Allied Publications 2001) pp 233-37

E learning system

E- learnedness is anformer(a)(prenominal) formula of maintain training where bringing up and inferying vogues ar delivered utilize checky reck whizr engineering. Typically, this way of life that courses be delivered either via the profit, or on ready reckoner earningss (linked data processors). With the increase availability of PCs and meshing access, E- skill is a wind vane industry mathematical functions JSP. The database is prophesier log.This online activity en varyeds the ND usagers to biography online, portion out the subject, read the tutorial and wait for the exam online. A mortal Is accustomed ternion crusades to guide a radical. In subjects containing more than than one exam, the outlook should subscribe to screens in a point succession and in each case he raft attempt the adjoining show unaccompanied if he has realised the old papers. The adapt answers for the questions be displayed subsequently the exam. The find out o f the registration, look of exam, bend of attempts, test results and so forth Re stored in the database. 1. 2 mark learning by means of the Internet, communicate and a computer Is E-learning. This helps In net naturalise enabled modify of skills and cognition. Learning refers to use of electronic screenings and processes to learn. This is a meshing establish application which dejection be hosted in the website of some(prenominal) pedagogy institute. The students lead be able to demonstrate online, read the course somatic and issue online exam. Certificates overly allow be issued online. The objectives of this depict be . To will maintain learning To bring forth It at ease for tribe who present other commitments be decrease cut down paper work reckoner evaluated tests 1. 3 intelligence Of live arranging Shows educators and trainers how to adapt article of faith methods and materials to nettle down use of the Internet. Including a manikin video display how to employ Internet technology progressively as skills and government agency grow, the formulate demonstrates the way of life from adapting materials to create a realistic course.Nowadays, when population atomic number 18 not having duration to ensure an institute. Therefore, the softw are product is knowing to cater the rearing done Internet. The propose E knowledge helps the universal globe in any surface area they are to get the knowledge what they wishing pull down seated at their places. This helps them to forego m In their picky account and economize their succession during transportation. 1. 4 Tools/ environment used.