Medieval Literature and Poetry Illuminated Manuscripts

Medieval Literature and Poetry/ Illuminated Manuscripts The Middle Ages was a period of about one thousand years, between the collapse of the Roman Empire during the fifth century AD and the revival of classical art and learning known as the Renaissance around the fifteenth century. During this dark and chaotic period small groups of devout Christians could live with security and pursue a religious life. These people were doing something that almost no one else could do at the time- reading and writing. They were making something that almost no one else could make or have any use for- books. The first of these books was the Bible, and as time passed, more forms of literature such as poetry and illuminated manuscripts were†¦show more content†¦The first stage in the productions of the manuscript was the preparation of pages, made of specially prepared animal skin called vellum. Usually the skins of sheep, goats, or calves were used. The skins were cleaned in running water for a day or so, soaked in a solution of water and lime fo r several days to loosen the hair, scraped with knife to remove the hairs, then rinsed and stretched on wood frames to dry. While on the stretchers, the skins were scraped and rubbed to make them thin and even. The next stage in this process was the writing of the text by a scribe. Scribes trained for many years to develop graceful and uniform writing of the text by a scribe. Scribes trained for many years to develop graceful and uniform writing. The ink colors usually used by the scribe were black and red. Next, the illuminator painted the decorations for the manuscripts. The term illumination derives from the frequent use of gold and silver, which reflected light and literally made the page appear to be lit from within. Now the manuscripts was ready for binding. The folded pages were stacked up and sewn together with thick thread, and the illuminated manuscript was now complete. The Middle Ages was a period where many renowned works of literature and art were created. The illumina tedShow MoreRelatedEducation of the Middle Ages1576 Words   |  7 Pagesmonks and nuns lived apart from society, they were not completely isolated. Indeed, they played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life. Since few people could read or write, the regular clergy preserved ancient and the classical writings. Scribes copied all the books by hand working in a small drafty room with one candle or a small window for light. Illuminated manuscripts decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures indicate that, although the task was done with hard work, itRead MoreEssay on Education Of The Middle Ages1553 Words   |  7 Pagesmonks and nuns lived apart from society, they were not completely isolated. Indeed, they played a crucial role in medieval intellectual and social life. Since few people could read or write, the regular clergy preserved ancient and the classical writings. Scribes copied all the books by hand working in a small drafty room with one candle or a s mall window for light. Illuminated manuscripts decorated with rich colors and intricate pictures indicate that, although the task was done with hard work, itRead MoreThe Golden Age of Islam2183 Words   |  9 Pagestextiles, illuminated manuscripts, and woodwork flourished. Lustrous glazing was an Islamic contribution to ceramics. Islamic luster-painted ceramics were imitated by Italian potters during the Renaissance. Manuscript illumination developed into an important and greatly respected art, and portrait miniature painting flourished in Persia. Calligraphy, an essential aspect of written Arabic, developed in manuscripts and architectural decoration. This paper will examine the Islamic literature, music andRead MoreLiterary Group in British Poetry5631 Words   |  23 PagesThe history of English poetry stretches from the middle of the 7th century to the present day. Over this period, English poets have written some of the most enduring poems in Western culture, and the language and its poetry have spread around the globe. Consequently, the term English poetry is unavoidably ambiguous. It can mean poetry written in England, or poetry written in the English language. The earliest surviving poetry was likely transmitted orally and then written down in versions that doRead MoreEssay about Summary of History of Graphic Design by Meggs14945 Words   |  60 Pageslanguage was used for commercial documents, poetry, myths, etc†¦ - Papyrus paper was a major step forward in Egyptian visual communication. - The Egyptians were the first people to produce illustrated manuscripts in which words and pictures were combined to communicate information. - Eventually, Papyrus was used for funerary purposes. - The majestic Egyptian culture survived for over 3000 years. Hieroglyphics, papyri, and illustrated manuscripts are its visual communications legacy. ChapterRead MoreMuslim Spain (711-1492)8971 Words   |  36 PagesSpain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims,Christians, and Jews.For more than three centuries in Medieval Spain, Muslims, Jews and Christians lived together and prospered in a thriving multicultural civilization. Here, remarkable individuals of different faiths made lasting contributions in such areas as poetry, art, architecture, music, dining etiquette, science, agriculture, medicine, engineering, navigation, textiles, and even hydraulic technology.Their

Naturalized Epistemology Essays - 1621 Words

Epistemology can be divided into two parts: one being traditional epistemology and the other being naturalized epistemology. The difference between the two is that traditionalists simply accept what they think they know whereas naturalists put what they think they know to empirical tests. When I say empirical, I mean methodologies of the natural science. In other words meaning putting things we think we know to practical tests to find out if it is true, scientifically. Or to even better understand what I mean by empirical, it is essentially another way of saying naturalized epistemology. In this essay I will establish the reasons why naturalized epistemology is a better choice over traditional epistemology. Firstly I will establish how†¦show more content†¦The problem with this is that theoretical paradigms have no common basis; hence, paradigm-shifts cannot work out. Special Relativity and Newtonian Mechanics may seem to have the same theoretical term meaning but they donâ €™t because the terms of ‘mass’, ‘force’, and ‘duration’ all have a different meaning to different scientists. Science in Kuhn’s opinion and from what we gather on theoretical paradigms does not provide a concrete empirical assumption on epistemology. It does not work best empirically because matters dealing with science must happen with theoretical paradigms, whose effectiveness is an issue. As I have mentioned, epistemology done empirically is better known as naturalized epistemology. However, traditional epistemology, otherwise seen as normative, can help us understand philosophy. When I say normative, I mean the matters of rationality and justification. Jaegwon Kim describes this form of normative epistemology in his essay, What is ‘Naturalized Epistemology’? where he comments, â€Å"that justification is a central concept of our epistemological tradition, that justification, as it is understood in this tradition, i s a normative normative concept, and in consequence that epistemology itself is a normative inquiry whose principal aim is a systematic study of the conditions of justified belief.† (Kim 539) Epistemology can be seen as a normative discipline as we see with rationality and the concept of Davidson’s claim onShow MoreRelatedThe Pursuit Of Truth By Willard Van Orman Quine1326 Words   |  6 Pageswhich is then regarded as greater than the sum of its parts. Quine then ends his firster chapter with the talk of empirical content and norms and aims. Quine, in the section of norms and aims, discusses the relationship between naturalized epistemology and traditional epistemology. Quine’s next chapter is about reference. In the first section, Quine talks about bodies. Quine says, â€Å"This is where I see bodies materializing, ontologically speaking: as ideal nodes at the foci of intersecting observationRead MoreEpistemology Is A Better Choice Over Traditional Epistemology1479 Words   |  6 PagesEpistemology can be split into two areas: one being traditional epistemology and the other being naturalized epistemology. The distinction between the two forms of epistemology is that traditional epistemologists accept what they think they know whereas natural epistemologists put what they think they know to empirical tests. The connotation of ‘empirical’ in this context refers to the methodologies of natural science; specifically, putting theories that we believe to know to scientific experimentationRead MoreUnderstanding The World Through The Study Of Knowledge1862 Words   |  8 Pagesthoroughly known as Epistemology, is the realm of philos ophy that studies the sources, nature, limitations, and rationality of knowledge. The most incisive expression of disapproval of naturalistic approaches to epistemology is that they are incapable of effectively dealing with standards and inquiries of justification. Epistemology without such norms, is supposed to be an endeavor not worth achieving. (Stroud,Alemder). What one induces of this is depends on whether epistemology is worth doing at allRead More Evidential Basis in Epistemic Justification Essay5302 Words   |  22 PagesSignificance and Priority of Evidential Basis in Epistemic Justification ABSTRACT:There are various approaches to epistemology as well as to the philosophy of science. The attempt to naturalize them is the newest approach. In the naturalistic framework, epistemology turns out to be identical with the philosophy of science. The main characteristic of both naturalized epistemology and naturalized philosophy of science is their methodological monism. Therefore, both of these meta-level areas of philosophyRead MoreOrganizational Epistemology2939 Words   |  12 PagesRunning Head: ORGANIZATIONAL EPISTEMOLOGY    1   Organizational Epistemology St. Rachel E. Ustanny University of Phoenix ORGANIZATIONAL EPISTEMOLOGY    2   There are different perspectives about the origin of knowledge, which have influenced the development of concepts such as a priori and a posteriori truth, epistemic regress, and sensual perception—Descartes (as cited in Cooper, 1999) argued that there are certain undeniable truths, which are obtained from our senses; Feldman (2003)Read More Haraway’s A Cyborg Manifesto Essay1097 Words   |  5 PagesDonna J. Haraway’s A Cyborg Manifesto Haraway’s provocative proposal of envisioning the cyborg as a myth of political identity embodies the search for a code of displacement of the hierarchical dualisms of naturalized identities (CM, 175), and thus for the breakdown of the logic of phallogocentrism and of the unity of the Western idealized self. Haraway defines the cyborg as a cybernetic organism, a hybrid of machine and organism, a creature of social reality as well as a creature ofRead More The Adversarial System Essay2229 Words   |  9 PagesBibliography Paul Roberts Adrian Zuckerman. Criminal Evidence.2ed.(2010) Oxford University Press Erica Beecher – Monis, The Epistemology of Prediction; 60, Washington and Lec Law Review. 353 (2003 Ronald J Allen Brian R Leiter. Naturalized Epistemology the Law of Evidence.2001.Virgina Law Review Ronald J Allen Brian R Leiter. Naturalized Epistemology the Law of Evidence.2001 Dale Nance, Review of Foundation of Evidence Law by Alex Stein, Publication Review, Legal Theory.2007 Read MoreWomen s Impact On Women1305 Words   |  6 PagesBlack folks have known dehumanization as a part of their medicalization. Their bodies were used to create the discourse around race. They were measured and then marked as other or deviant juxtaposed the white, male medical model. In 1695, Race is naturalized through scientific research and becomes hierarchical. Negroids were classified last -- as subhuman. Yet their bodies were used as some of the first studies of the human condition. For example, the first text on gynecology used pictures of a blackRead MoreEssay about Reflections on the Analytic/Continental Divide3546 Words   |  15 Pagesmetaphysics, the branch of philosophy concerned to detail what is. (Metaphysics is the phoenix of philosophy: perpetually dying and reappearing.) Logic with its insistence on deductively valid formal rules of inference obscured more gen eral epistemologies as the pre-eminent way in which we come to know anything. Language replaced thought (at least to the extent that there is no other way to talk about thought, and a public language must individuate our thought content). Verification replaced meaningRead MoreIslam and Science2754 Words   |  12 Pageswas retained and naturalized. This was certainly not the case with al-Khwarazmi or Ibn Hayyan whose works were certainly more inï ¬â€šuenced by ideas that were non Islamic, e.g., Greek, Egyptian, Indian, Persian, Babylonian. Equally problematic are unsubstantiated claims that the sciences of early Islam developed a Qur’an methodology that was used by the scientiï ¬ c tradition. The work also adduces examples of theologians (mutakallimun) who worked on ideas that embraced logic, epistemology and cosmology,

Clubfoot Free Essays

Clubfoot is defined as a congenital foot deformity characterized by a kidney shaped foot that turns inward and points down. The forefoot is curved inward, the heel is bent inward, and the ankle is fixed in planter flexion with the toes pointing down. Shortened tendons on the inside of the lower leg, together with abnormally shaped bones that restrict movement outwards cause the foot to turn inwards. We will write a custom essay sample on Clubfoot or any similar topic only for you Order Now A tightened Achilles tendon causes the foot to point downwards. The medical term for clubfoot is talipes equinovarus. It is the most common congenital disorder of the lower extremity. There are several variations, but talipes equinovarus being the most common. Clubfeet occurs in approximately 1 in every 800-1000 babies, being twice as common in boys as girls. One or both feet may be affected. Clubfoot is most common in children who suffer from spina bifida who have an L4 or L5 motor level. Many orthopedic surgeons instead of serial casting suggest early taping and gentle manipulation followed by an application of a well-padded splint. The reason for this is because serial casting can cause skin irritations and breakdown. Another technique manipulation and casting is a treatment that begins shortly after birth. It involves slowly stretching out the tightened muscles and holding the foot in an improved position with a cast. The casts are made of plaster and extend from the toes to either just above the knee, or just below it. Adduction of the foot is usually corrected first, followed by inversion of the hindfoot, and lastly the plantar flexion. The casts are changed frequently, each time repositioning the foot a little closer to normal. For the first two-three weeks, the casts are changed every second to fourth day. Cast changes are then decreased to once every one-two weeks. This treatment continues until the child is three to six months old. This method of treatment is distressing to the infant for only a short period of time. For this reason parents will be taught cast care before leaving the clinic. If the foot is too stiff to allow for adequate correction, then the tight or shortened tendons may need to be lengthened or released. The type of surgery varies according to how much soft tissue is released. During a surgical correction of a mild case of clubfoot, the surgeon must decide which joints require no, minimal, or moderate incision. In mild clubfoot, the mid and posterior subtalar joints requires minimal or no incision. All medial tendons are lengthened, the anterior and midtarsal joints are released, and the heel chord is lengthened. In treating a moderate case of clubfoot, the surgeon releases the anterior subtalar joint, and all medial tendons are lengthened. Lastly when treating the severe clubfoot, all deformities are attempted to be corrected Once an acceptable correction has been achieved by casting it will need to be maintained with a splint. The most common type of splint is the Dennis Brown boot and bar. Initially the splint must be worn twenty four hours a day. As the child learns to walk, the time in the splint is gradually reduced to nighttime use only. This could continue until the child is four or five years old. Physical therapy is also used to treat a child with clubfoot. It includes stretching, splinting, taping, monitoring casts, and teaching the parents how to help and motivate the child to do everyday life activities. To maintain correction, the child should be followed by the orthopedic surgeon until the bones, in the foot have stopped growing. This is necessary because the growing foot may slowly loose correction. If this happens, surgery on the tendons or abnormal bones may be needed with repeat casting. Most children who have been treated for clubfeet develop normally, and participate in any athletic or recreational activity they choose. How to cite Clubfoot, Essay examples